From the Red Keep to Winterfell: Translating Toponyms in High Fantasy Literature from English into Arabic

: The recent popularity of the fantasy genre in Arabic world has seen increased translation activity into (De Blasio 2019). Despite this interest, scholars have focused their attention on low fantasy, with little to high fantasy. This study investigates book five George R.R Martin’s novel series “A Dance Dragons (2011), and its رقصة مع التنانين raqsa mc ?ltanani:n (2020) a specific focus Toponyms. uses textual analysis determine procedures used, interviews official translator understand factors behind choices series. adopts Aixelá’s 1996 model culture-specific items (CSI) for classification procedures. results indicate prevalence two main procedures; conservation substitution. are used strike balance between readability text, readers’ expectations, maintaining secondary which narrative takes place.